CG Aviation History. A History of Coast Guard Aviation. The Growth Years (1. Summary Overview. The Coast Guard was transferred to the Navy Department by executive order 8. What Tools Do Meteorologists Use To Monitor Blizzards In 2016November 1, 1. 94. This legislation was designed to preserve the neutrality of the United States and made it unlawful for any U. S. Coast Guard aircraft and vessels were used to enforce this act. Cutter based aircraft played an important part in this operation. The German U Boats immediately conducted a devastating attack on allied shipping along the Eastern Seaboard and then moved into the Gulf of Mexico in mid 1. Chief of Naval Operations ADM Ernest J. King did not aggressively oppose the German operation. They were located at Port Angeles, Washington; San Francisco, California; San Diego, California; Biloxi, Mississippi; St. Petersburg, Florida; Miami, Florida; Elizabeth City, North Carolina; Brooklyn, New York; and Salem, Massachusetts. The problem was lack of aircraft. In the spring of 1. Coast Guard acquired 5. OS2. U- 3 Kingfisher aircraft for ASW patrols. It would be 1. 94. Coast Guard acquired aircraft that could be considered combat capable and by this time the German submarine offensive had relocated to the North Atlantic. Nevertheless, beginning in January of 1. Coast Guard aircraft delivered 6. World War II. There are numerous stories in which these aircraft were landed in the open sea and picked up survivors of torpedoed ships. Many times they were so overloaded with survivors that they could not take off. What Tools Do Meteorologists Use To Monitor Blizzards In MarylandWe use cookies to provide you with a better onsite experience. By continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies in accordance with our. This is why the military is deploying Jade Helm this summer, because it may no longer be possible to cover it all up. Jade Helm is an insurance policy. In some cases they could taxi to shore but most of the time they would transfer the survivors to small vessels as soon as possible. At other times they would direct surface vessels to the survivor's location. The experience the Coast Guard had acquired over the years served them well in the effective coordination of surface and air assets and the greatly enlarged search and rescue operations that would come. Admiral Waesche, Commandant of the Coast Guard, proposed that the Coast Guard be assigned Air Sea Rescue responsibilities to address this situation. The Joint Chiefs determined that the scope of the operation was beyond the capability of the Coast Guard but an Office of Air Sea Rescue, under the Commandant, was established to coordinate and develop Air Sea Rescue equipment and operational procedures. The Army and the Navy would remain responsible for providing their own Air Sea Rescue. The Navy, in turn, assigned Air Sea Rescue responsibility for all continental Sea Frontiers to the Coast Guard. This more than doubled the size of Coast Guard aviation. The Coast Guard was transferred to the Navy Department by executive order 8929 on November 1, 1941. In actuality, certain units of the Coast Guard had been under Navy. The first Navy Air Sea Rescue squadron was formed at San Diego, California under the command of LCDR Chester Bender USCG to provide SAR coverage for extensive West Coast pilot training. It was an all Coast Guard squadron equipped with nine PBY- 5. A aircraft and AVR rescue boats. On 5, October 1. 94. Patrol Squadron 6 (VP- 6. CG) was officially established.
This was an all Coast Guard unit. The home base was at Narsarssuak, Greenland, code name Bluie West- One. Mac Diarmid was the first commanding officer. As additional PBY's became available, the units area of operation expanded and detachments were established in Argentia, Newfoundland and Reykjavik, Iceland, furnishing air cover for North Atlantic and Greenland convoys. Hundreds of rescue operations were carried out during the 2. Kossler, chief of the Aviation Engineering Division at Coast Guard Headquarters, was the Coast Guard representative on the Inter- Agency Board administering the Dorsey Act which pertained to the development of rotary- wing aircraft. The first official American helicopter demonstration occurred on 2. April 1. 94. 2. CDR Kossler and CDR Watson A. Burton attended this demonstration. Impressed by the demonstration, both Coast Guardsmen agreed that the helicopter would meet many of the service's requirements. Erickson wrote a letter to Vice Adm. Russell Waesche, Commandant of the Coast Guard, outlining how the helicopter could be used in anti- submarine warfare. This was followed up by Kossler. During this period, the British who had also witnessed the original demonstration put in an order for 2. A helicopter demonstration was arranged for Waesche. He was very impressed. King, Chief of Naval Operations on the subject. There were no objections from the Army. The CGAS Brooklyn, NY was officially designated as the helicopter training base. CDR Erickson was the commanding officer. In January of 1. 94. Coast Guard helicopter pilot LTJG Stewart Graham made the first flight from the deck of a merchant ship in convoy in the North Atlantic. In April of 1. 94. By January 1. 94. US merchant vessels had declined to 1. With the threat of the submarine all but gone, the helicopter program was cut back. Perhaps the most significant development during this period was the development of the hydraulic hoist. On 6 February 1. 94. Brooklyn was closed and the aircraft stored. The Coast Guard was not interested in further development. It was a setback for Erickson but his work had not gone unnoticed. His dream of a rescue helicopter and lifesaving machine came to pass during the Korean War. The Navy developed a helicopter ASW program using the expertise of Coast Guard. In 1. 95. 1 the Coast Guard was the recipient of the nations top aviation award. President Truman presented the Collier Trophy for the development of the helicopter. Mac. Diarmid, who was now the commanding officer of the Coast Guard Air station San Diego, initiated a multi- year study of open sea landing procedures. Tests showed that landing and taking off parallel to the swell was the safest course. Further experiments revealed that reversible pitch propellers shortened the landing run and jet assisted takeoffs (JATO) reduced the takeoff run. The results of this research work resulted in an internationally accepted manual on air sea rescue techniques. The Octave Chanute Award for 1. Commander Mac. Diarmid for his work. The flying boat had always been associated with Coast Guard operations and reached its peak during this period. At one time, midway between 1. PBY- 5. As plus 2. PBM- 5 Mariners. It is fortunate that a surplus of existing Navy aircraft was available. The Coast Guard was downsized significantly and the budget was severely restricted. Additional Air Detachments were established but they were limited in size. The PBYs were phased out and replaced by long range search aircraft such as the PB- 1. G flying Fortress, the P4. Y- 2. G Privateer, and the R5. D Skymasters. The PBMs were reduced in number with the procurement of the UF and were gone with the purchase of seven P5. M- 1. Gs acquired in 1. T- tailed P5. M- 2. G that followed. The Coast Guard remained under the Treasury department throughout the conflict. Search and Rescue Groups with enhanced communication equipment and one or more cutters assigned and were established at Sangley Point in the Philippines and Midway, Wake, Guam islands. This was necessitated by the dramatic increase in air traffic between the United States and the Orient. The Navy and the Air Force desired more extensive LORAN coverage and Coast Guard aviation soon found itself in an increased role in LORAN station supply efforts. LORAN station supply would continue long after the war ended and the Coast Guard began to set up air stations with logistics as the primary mission. This was the case with Coast Guard Aviation. It more than doubled in size; assumed a primary roll in Search and Rescue; and over the next several decades assumed additional missions and expanded horizons. Search and rescue was local in scope. During the war Coast Guard aviation was assigned a specific roll in developing the capability and operational evolution of Search and Rescue. Rescue Coordination Centers were established and effective utilization of both aircraft and surface vessels over a wide area was established. The budget was tight but by the mid 1. Air Stations and Air Detachments stretching from Sangley Point in the Philippines and on the islands of Midway, Wake and Guam to San Juan Puerto Rico. The number of survivors rescued and lives saved increased dramatically and would continue to do so. Starting in late 1. HO3. S helicopters was purchased. By 1. 95. 1 the number of helicopters had doubled with the procurement of 1. HO4. S- 1/2's. This was followed by an order for 2. HO4. S- 3. Gs. They had a more powerful engine, carried hydraulic hoists and the Coast Guard designed rescue basket. They also were fully equipped for instrument and night flight operations. The helicopter had become, and would remain, vital to Coast Guard rescue operations. Coast & Geodetic Survey: 1. February. Coast Guard Air Station San Francisco Established: 1. April. The Coast Guard and the Greenland Operations: 1. July. Grumman J4. F- 1 Purchased: 1. October. Coast Guard Acquires Consolidated PBY- 5. A/6. A: 1. 94. 11. December. Coast Guard Aviation Anti- Submarine Operations: 1. March. The Coast Guard Acquires OS2. U Kingfisher Aircraft: 1. February. Coast Guard Assigned the Sea- going Development of the Helicopter: 1. April. Coast Guard Acquires Martin PBM- 3/5 Flying Boats: 1. July. The Development of Air- Sea Rescue: 1. August. Coast Guard Patrol Squadron VP- 6. CG Established: 1. March. Air Detachment Annette Island Alaska Established: 1. September. Coast Guard Auxiliary Aviation: 1. December. Coast Guard Acquires P4. Y- 2. G Privateer for Air- Sea Rescue: 1. January. Post World War II Coast Guard Search and Rescue: 1. January. Coast Guard Air Detachment Argentia Established: 1. January. Coast Guard Air Station Traverse City Established. January. Pacific LORAN and Post War Aviation Support; CG Air Detachments Sangley Point and Guam Established: 1. March. Post War Helicopter Development: 1. March. International Ice Patrol - Aerial Surveillance Becomes Primary: 1. July. Coast Guard Acquires PB- 1. G Long Range Search and Rescue Aircraft: 1. December. Operation High Jump: 1. January. Coast Guard Aircraft Repair and Supply Base Established: 1. New Technology Allows Better Extreme Weather Forecasts. After the deafening roar of a thunderstorm, an eerie silence descends. Then the blackened sky over Joplin, Mo., releases the tentacles of an enormous, screaming multiple- vortex tornado. Winds exceeding 2. A tornado watch had been in effect for hours and a severe weather outlook for days. The warnings had come sooner than they typically do, but apparently not soon enough. Although emergency officials were on high alert, many local residents were not. A month earlier a record- breaking swarm of tornadoes devastated parts of the South, killing more than 3. April was the busiest month ever recorded, with about 7. The stormy year was also costly. Fourteen extreme weather and climate events in 2. Joplin tornado to hurricane flooding and blizzards—each caused more than $1 billion in damages. The intensity continued early in 2. March 2, twisters killed more than 4. Midwestern and Southern states. If the efforts succeed, a decade from now residents will get an hour’s warning about a severe tornado, for example, giving them plenty of time to absorb the news, gather family and take shelter. The Power of Radar. Meteorologist doug forsyth is heading up efforts to improve radar, which plays a role in forecasting most weather. Forsyth, who is chief of the Radar Research and Development division at NOAA’s National Severe Storms Laboratory in Norman, Okla., is most concerned about improving warning times for tornadoes because deadly twisters form quickly and radar is the forecaster’s primary tool for sensing a nascent tornado. By measuring the strength of the waves that return to the radar and how long the round- trip takes, forecasters can see the location and intensity of precipitation. The Doppler radar currently used by the National Weather Service also measures the frequency change in returning waves, which provides the direction and speed at which the precipitation is moving. This key information allows forecasters to see rotation occurring inside thunderstorms before tornadoes form. They noted very strong outbound velocities right next to very strong inbound velocities in the radar data. The visual appearance of those data was so extraordinary that the researchers initially did not know what it meant. After matching the data to the location of the tornado, however, they named the data “Tornadic Vortex Signature.” The TVS is now the most important and widely recognized metric indicating a high probability of either an ongoing tornado or the potential for one in the very near future. These data enabled longer lead times for tornado warnings, increasing from a national average of 3. It leaves meteorologists like Forsyth blind to the shape of a given particle, which can distinguish, say, a rainstorm from a dust storm. Ironically, the trajectory of his career path changed when a failed eye exam led him from U. S. Air Force pilot ambitions to a career in meteorology. Since then, Forsyth has focused on radar upgrades that give forecasters a better view of the atmosphere. This technology allows forecasters to differentiate more confidently between types of precipitation and amount. Although raindrops and hailstones may sometimes have the same horizontal width—and therefore appear the same in Doppler radar images—raindrops are flatter. Knowing the difference in particle shape reduces the guesswork required by a forecaster to identify features in the radar scans. That understanding helps to produce more accurate forecasts, so residents know they should prepare for hail and not rain, for example. Particle data are especially important when trackers are dealing with a tornado that is invisible to the human eye. If a tornado is cloaked in heavy rainfall or is occurring at night, dual polarization can still detect the airborne debris. The National Weather Service is integrating dual- polarization technology—which is also helpful for monitoring precipitation in hurricanes and blizzards—into all 1. Doppler radars across the nation, expecting to finish by mid- 2. At the same time, NOAA personnel are training forecasters to interpret the new images. The Weather Forecast Office in Newport/Morehead City, N. C., was the first to scan a tropical cyclone using such radar when Hurricane Irene made landfall in North Carolina in 2. During that storm, dual- polarization radars proved more accurate in detecting precipitation rates, and therefore predicting flooding, than conventional Doppler radars farther north. The improved capabilities surely saved lives in the Carolinas; farther up the coast, without this technology, Hurricane Irene was deadlier despite early warnings, claiming nearly 3. Navy to detect and track enemy ships and missiles has great potential to improve weather forecasting as well. Heinselman leads a team of electrical engineers, forecasters and social scientists at the National Weather Radar Testbed in Norman, Okla., focused on a technology called phased- array radar. Once the dish completes a full 3. After sampling from lowest to highest elevation, which during severe weather equates to 1. Scanning the entire atmosphere during severe weather takes Doppler radar four to six minutes. The improvement will allow meteorologists to “see” rapidly evolving changes in thunderstorm circulations and, ultimately, to more quickly detect the changes that cause tornadoes. Ideally, the phased- array system would have four panels that emitted and received radio waves, to provide a 3. Researchers in Norman have made only one- panel systems operable for weather surveillance, and it is likely to be at least a decade before phased arrays become the norm across the country. Forecasters rely on satellites for these situations and also rely on them to provide broader data that supplement the localized information from a given radar. NOAA’s weather satellites supply more than 9. To improve the delivery of this essential environmental intelligence, NOAA will deploy a range of new technologies in the next five years. Monitoring weather requires two types of satellites: geostationary and polar- orbiting. Geostationary satellites, which stay fixed in one spot at an altitude of about 2. Using loops of pictures taken at 1. A worldwide set of these low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites covers the entire globe every 1. Their data will be used in computer models to improve weather forecasts, including hurricane tracks and intensities, severe thunderstorms and floods. The suite of advanced microwave and infrared sensors will relay much improved three- dimensional information on the atmosphere’s temperature, pressure and moisture, because rapid changes in temperature and moisture, combined with low pressure, signify a strong storm. Infrared sensors provide these measurements in cloud- free areas, and microwave sensors can “see through clouds” to the earth’s surface. This level of outlook is reserved for the most extreme cases, with the least uncertainty, and is only used when the possibility for extremely explosive storms is detected. The new LEO satellites should allow such predictions as much as five to seven days before a storm. Advanced instruments that will image the earth every five minutes in both visible and infrared wavelengths will be onboard the GOES- R series of satellites to be launched in 2. They will increase observations from every 1. The GOES- R satellites will also provide the world’s first space view of where lightning is occurring in the Western Hemi. The lightning mapper will help forecasters detect jumps in the frequency of in- cloud and cloud- to- ground lightning flashes. Research suggests that these jumps occur up to 2. Billions of Data. Each of the new radar technologies and satellites could improve warning times by several minutes, but incorporating the data derived from all these systems into forecasting computer models could provide even more time. Warnings for tornadoes, for example, could be issued up to an hour in advance. That is the kind of lead time that would have made a big difference in Joplin. They crunch millions of numbers that represent current weather and environmental conditions, such as temperature, pressure and wind, to predict the future state of the atmosphere. Imagine a grid that lies over the planet’s surface. Imagine another one a few hundred feet above that—and another and another, in layer after layer, all the way to the top of the stratosphere some 3. Millions of lines of code are needed to translate the billions of grid points under observation. The smaller the squares, the higher the model’s resolution and the better it will be at detecting small- scale atmospheric changes that could spawn storms. Processing more data points, however, requires faster supercomputers. Bill Lapenta, acting director of NOAA’s Environmental Modeling Center, heads that translation effort, which churns out numerical forecasts for 1. Meteorologists compare NOAA’s models with others from international modeling centers to come up with the forecasts seen on the Web or the evening news. But Lapenta believes faster speeds are possible, which will allow the models to run at even smaller scales. For example, grids of just one mile square would enable models to simulate the small- scale conditions that catapult a routine thunderstorm or hurricane into a monster. NOAA plans to access some of the latest supercomputers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory to begin to build such models. Lapenta hopes such high- resolution models might begin to appear by 2. To make them a reality, scientists such as Lapenta are working on the mathematical, physical and biogeochemical relations that need to be encoded in a way that enables those relations to work together seamlessly. Instead they will be able to issue tornado, severe thunderstorm and flash- flood warnings based on highly accurate model forecasts produced well in advance, giving the public 3. Better Science, Better Decisions.
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